Explore The Background To Change Affecting Pizza Hut Business Essay

Explore The Background To Change Affecting Pizza Hut Business Essay Pizza Hut is one of the flagship brands of Yum! Restaurant Int. which also has subsidiary businesses and famous brands like KFC, Taco Bell, AW and Long John Silvers under one brand umbrella. It is the worlds largest pizza chain more than 13,000 restaurants across 97 countries. Pizza Hut increases his operations in last five years. In India,  Pizza Hut has  143 restaurants across 34 cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Banglore, Chennai, Kolkata, Pune and Hyderabad. Great taste and quality, variety of pizzas and trademark dining experience have made it possible for the company to for double-digit growth and scale up its presence to its current size. With a 27 per cent market share of the eating-out market and over 70,000 footfalls per day across the country Pizza Hut started its business from India in 1996, and opened its first restaurant in Bangalore. Pizza Hut maintained significant growth and acquires a maximum share of pizza market and sustained growth rate of above 40 per cent per annum. Pizza Hut operates through 95 outlets across 24 cities in India which gave employment nearly 5000 people by the end of 2009. Pizza Hut invested about US$ 35 million in India so far through YUM! Corporate franchisee Brands Inc is the owner of worldwide chain of pizza outlets listed in Fortune 300 Company .Since 2008 it generated more than $36 million through sales. http://www.pizzahut.co.in/dinein/aboutpizzahut.php Task 1 Outcome: Explore the background to change affecting the organization Change can be implemented through various models such : Kotters eight step change model ADKAR Model Business process re-engineering Kotters eight step change model 1. Increase urgency inspire people to move guide and group them to make objectives real and relevant. 2. Build the guiding team Make the groups with the right people in right place with their appropriate skills and levels. 3. Get the vision right Arrange and make the team to establish a vision and strategy focus on creative aspects which is necessary to drive service and efficiency. 4. Communicate for buy-in Involve as many people possible for improve the work, exchange of information and communication between the essentials and give response if any needs from people. 5. Empower actions Processing to Remove obstacles, make promotive feedback and support from leaders and top management for reward and identify progress and achievements. 6. Create short-term wins Set objectives and aim which are easy to obtain in big size substantial work. Manageable numbers of initiatives. Finish current working functions and stages before starting new objective function. 7. Dont let up Promote the growth of the institution and relating work and encourage determination of ongoing change support and encourage ongoing progress which reports highlight obtained and big significant prospective work. 8. Make change stick Recruitment promotion and change of leaders which enforces the value of success. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/237685/[emailprotected]_pg4.html?cat=3 ADKAR MODEL Change often brings high levels of stress and disturbance to people.ADKAR change method in the corporate world often eliminates many of the negative and harmful effects associated with new procedures. 1. Awareness. Gives benefits to all levels of staff and aware them about need of changes to the organization, changes for the sake of seldom is useful. Change is to apply for improvement of the business operation which helps to be competitive in market. This is very necessary for success. 2. Desire.  It is necessity that management responsible to encourage the desire of their employees to support and be active by participating in the prospective change in organization. 3. Knowledge. It is managements responsibility to provide the training and education to its employee change methods of the new procedures, and software. Sometime it is useless to do work in change environment without sufficient knowledge about the goals desired by organization. 4. Ability.  After getting a desired knowledge employee is involved needs to be given the training to achieve and set to new change to be made which affects successful for organization. 5. Reinforcement:- According to study it has proven that any person who perform and repeat the task continuously for 21 days, it will become a habit of that person whether it is good or bad for him. Reinforcing new habits of the employees improve the success of the change made. http://www.kellyservices.com/eprise/main/web/us/hr_manager/articles_aug08_akdarmodel Business Process reengineering Business process reengineering is a radical thinking of organizational process; this is a very fundamental consideration. This a fundamental and prime steps undertaken to enterprise resource planning implememtation.basically BPR analyses and suggests the structural changes to be made for organization. This identify very important because it helps organization should be customized and design itself to become ERP friendly. If organization is unable to stands with the external changes then the best way to manage is adopt the changes according to environment and apply the changes in it. Study has been proven that if any changes are imposed in organization then sudden changes are not all time works in proper way because the improper method applied to it. It need plan to apply it; this can be avoided by the use of BPR in practically. Davenport (1992) prescribes five approaches to BPR model which are follows: 1) Develop business vision and process objectives 2) Identify business process to be resigned 3) Understand and measure the existing processes 4) Identify Information Technology levers. 5) Design and build a prototype of the new processes (valuebased management, 2008) Pizza Hut has recently undergone a huge change to enhance the business and to give better service for customer; this is due to demand from the customers and improvement suggestion. According to responses Pizza Hut made some changes in their services some of them listed below. Franchise system: System adopted for store forcast, monitor performance, worker uses and food ordering and inventory management of business. One specific reason behind adopting this to apply technology and service better through management information system. Now these systems are supported by a skilled internal team to make sure customers get the best use from them. (A pizzahut fanchise, 2008) http://www.pizzahutfranchise.co.uk/html/technology.html. Leadership Style: In running business with standard models and ideology of leadership there was something missing about the importance of human beliefs they need some changes and they made it in practical life importance of the human heart in driving a companys human drive and path of success to inspirational motivation in change management situations. Real time performance reporting Development in technology which can monitor the progress of business anytime, anywhere via remote log-in functionality. Online recruitment system for the applicants and team members only who meet the minimum success criteria added to shortlist. Online training for managers and team members. Digital marketing including online and mobile handsets. http://www.pizzahutfranchise.co.uk/html/technology.html First of all let us understand the meaning of strategic intervention:-It is a technique of influencing element that is used to modify the existing elements of business process there are three standard strategic intervention methods namely. HR intervention Strategic leadership Team building HR intervention: There are different issues and procedures needed to run business organization and being success to achieve their goals. Human Resources comply with these procedures very well.they prepares organization guide for the managers, performance management, succession planning systems, and several other works for the betterment of organization. So HR intervention is always necessary, it stays the organization up to date with legal compliance. Strategic leadership: Strategic leadership involves managing through others, managing entire enterprise, making changes according to requirement. Managing human capital is very critical skills of strategic leader. Commercial innovation, and manage the knowledge is also major functional activity of the leader. Its very important to obtained a good strategic leadership for success of an organization. http://asso.nordnet.fr/adreg/Hitt%20et%20al%20strategic%20leadership.pdf Team Building: A team building can be defined as a group of people who collectively work towards a pre-defined goal utilizing experience and knowledge in an office helps to nourishes better and open communication between the employees themselves, it also makes fosters to develop the relation between employees and the higher management. It goes a long way in improving professional relation. Team building in the workplace significantly contributes towards  employee motivation  and building trust among the employees, thereby ensuring better productivity. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/team-building-in-the-workplace.html Human Resources intervention techniques I would recommend in introducing ` change: Since last five year we have seen drastic changes in other departments of Pizza Hut. Whatever the changes made it is working very well. Changes they adopt technology, leadership style and franchise system going well. This is internal part of the business which is basic and playing important role in upgrading the function of business. On the other side of business and decision making there would another change to be happening in Pizza Hut. Human Resources is major body of an organization i.e. Pizza Hut. HR is also responsible for other operations of business issues like training programmers, individual growth of employee. Career make progression path drive the culture of Pizza Hut. Finance and accounting is vital for Pizza Hut. But i personally think that they are giving much importance to their function because lack of decision making process, delaying in improper assessment of payment of employees, so there would be need for the change in the same. More than 13,000 thousand employees are working on weekly payroll system and 2000 are working on monthly basis, in present company is using bureau system. it need change to innovative technology for accessing the payment system. The functionality and flexibility of the new system would make simple and help for further improve the HR and payroll services which provide for all restaurant teams. After all Salaries is simply a payment for the supply of services to the company. Wouldnt HR be better off focusing on Employee Development and other training programmes, rather than dealing with errors in the payroll. Task 2: Outcome:- Understand Issues relating to strategic change in the organization a) Following some generic background relating to strategic change has been introduced in Pizza Hut which shown good improvement in companys progress. Here I also elaborate some functional areas which have changed it drastically. 1) Customer expectation: Fast food industry is growing day by day, and new varieties of food are coming in market. so the customers expectation are growing more and something different from other food companies. Food market is going global means international food tastes are available in many restaurants. So the variety of taste demands more from consumers. There is need to fulfill the customers expectation about the change. 2) Competitive edge: In global market there is always a competition among the food companies. Pizza hut also facing a tough competition. Dominos pizza is a major competitive player of pizza hut holds approximately 20% of market as compared to pizza hut is 46%.remaining market share is hold by small companies nearly about 32%. So planning and strategy is important to be competitive in market by making some different kind of variety pizzas, pastas etc. 3) New technologies: Sometimes only advertising is not the only way to sell the product, technology will definitely play important role. For pizza hut upgrading technology, advertisement through social networking websites, Online advertising, mobile marketing, sponsorships, tie up with local but popular brands, etc are technological ways to get marketed. Online advertising, mobile marketing, sponsorships, tie up with local but popular brands etc. need for change for better result. 4) Economic changes in market Every year there is a fixed budget to run the business including the extra money is given to them for flexible financial operation. But external environment are not remains constant, like economic policy of government, prices of commodities, increase in tax etc.it impacts the financial policy of business, pizza hut is direct customer oriented business so if the external forces or environment changes it directly effect on business so they need to change at that time. Drivers that motivated Pizza Hut to above consider Change as follows: Technological Advances Loss of markets Economics Technological Advances: To attract customers and to give him better and fast service it is necessary to adopt of technological changes, so it could help them to be competitive in global market. if we consider pizza hut there is good scope to introduce Online ordering system, discount E-coupons, Happy hours schemes etc.result of this new technology adoption pizza hut could get good response from customers, these technological advances will give satisfaction of good service to customers, instant service. Loss of markets In competitive market the business progress is reflect by their market share data. Loss and gain of market share is depends upon quality and service given to customers, so it is a very critical to obtain a market share and keep it progressive. Pizza hut is a competitive with dominos pizza, compare between them is at present pizza hut is holding approximately 46% and dominos 20%.this means dominos losses their market compare to pizza hut. So in business, market share is plays important role for prospective growth of business. Economics Every business organization having its own economic policy to run business in market. business economics is diversified towards market means external forces always impact internal structure of the economic policy of individual organization. Financial status, liquidity of funds etc are related to finance matters of company, demand and supply are integral part which depends upon the requirement from the external market, external forces such as economic downturns,policy,inflation and deflation in market, interest rate, are directly affect economy of business. If Pizza hut is doing their business so above economical factors effect on pricing of product increases in pizza prices due to cheese price increased. So above three are main drivers of change in business organization. 2.b) The main resources that pizza Hut needed for the implication are as follows: 1) The HR department: It has a desirable reputation and is a fully integrated part of the organization, playing a key role in most business decisions. HR supports the restaurants and the Restaurant supply chain where it is really needed. Pizza Hut made good improvement in human resource so ensure that 70% of all vacant positions are filled internally. Pizza hut also arrange annual achievement award programmes to employees who achieved special in current year. Fast-moving, sociable atmosphere keep by company to work friendly in workplace. If HR failed to respond to need for strategic change then it could be going difficult to handle the training programmes, supply change management system, decision making.so to give a better prospective to company then HR should not be failed work. 2) Information technology: Pizza hut shown its changes in IT department since 5 years. IT department doesnt just cover the RSC but its responsible for all the systems across more than 680 Restaurants. Company upgrade IT services which are looking at the process of bank reconciliations, maintaining infrastructure. IT reduces the work pressure and give more accurate service, so in pizza hut for customer satisfaction it plays very critical role because ordering the menus, online order coupon etc.are targeted online customers. If IT failed then it will directly impact on turnover of business. so IT must work regularly and perfectly. As a department were very dynamic and forward-thinking, driving change from the inside of the organization out. Whats more youll benefit from the long-term job security of working for a big global brand and enjoy a favorable work/life balance, without compromising on the sort of technical challenges that keep the job interesting. Task 3 Outcome: Develop systems for understanding and involving others in the process of change a) Key stakeholders Tricon global restaurants: TGR is a famous largest restaurants company with brand name Yum! based in Louisville, KY having restaurants with more than 36,000 restaurants in over 110 countries and territories and more than 1 million associates. Yum! Is got his position numbered #216 on the Fortune 500 List, with nearly $10 billion in revenue in 2009. Four of TGR restaurant brands   KFC,  Pizza Hut,  Taco Bell   these are the global player of the chicken, pizza, Mexican-style food and quick-service seafood categories. http://www.yum.com/company/ourbrands.asp Suppliers: Suppliers to pizza hut for the products like toppings, cheese,chicken will help to make the product more successful and give assurance that the product will not make a loss to company. Suppliers are always belief on pizza hut for making a good relationship between them. They is interdependent to each other. They have bound to give good business to each other in any circumstances. So supplier is also major stakeholder of pizza hut. Customer and public: Customers and the public the final major stakeholder of pizza hut because will be the ones that will buy and consume the product, every company design their product keep in mind to customers only. Not all stakeholders want the same thing. So besides industrial stakeholders or any other business organizational stakeholders are indirectly dependent upon consumers and customers. Proposed system to involve stakeholders in the process of change By taking a thread of above discussion about the stakeholders in Pizza Hut, like business organization, suppliers, customer and public. We are going to make a proposed system or any model to describe the involvement of above in the change of an organization. We have discussed Tricon Global Restaurants, suppliers, and customers as a public. So Pizza hut need to be any change in future for making any business strategy, company should consider above participants for decision making process. To expand or to make objective of company pizza hut to discuss all the ideas and matters regarding to funds within the corporate context to its business enterprise stakeholder i.e. TGR because this company invested a major money and gives financial support to pizza hut. So the concern about TGR is must for pizza hut. Secondly suppliers who give his best service by supplying cheese, pizza bases, toppings, paperroni etc. to make product like pizza and other variety products. Customers and public without it would not be possible to achieve success for any company because they are the final destination where any product gets consumed from the market. So public are crucial part of the business organizational change. Now we can interrelate the above categories in following manner Tricon: Financial support to pizza hut. Suppliers:-Immediate supply of cheese, cheesebase, supply on demand. Cutomers and public:-final destination of consumption. b) By considering the above factors which are involves in system change management also have some advantage and disadvantages described below. Advantages: 1) If Stakeholders is a business organization then good advantage is fund flow from such a stakeholders is always good on the other side they also have investor of another companies which will beneficial to make their business grow in market and wider range of objectives. 2) If the stakeholder is major stakeholder in company then his company personally incorporates in financial matters of investing company for getting better business in market. Disadvantages: 1) We know that supplier is a playing a key function in business but he is not only one to whom company liable to tie up for business. Pizza hut cant concentrate his function on suppliers to give specific business from him. and totally depend on demand from the external environment. 2) Pizza Hut business is running only upon consumers. Where they always have their likes and dislikes. taste and variety of foods, different menus, and special deal on menus are the main attraction of customers.if the pizza hut is able to give good service then it directly affects the profit of the business. 3.c) Change management strategy with the key stakeholders 1) Identify stakeholders: Stakeholders can be identify by making survey and ability of stakeholders to take stake in relative company, think of all the people who are affected by stakeholders work, who have influence and power over it. 2) Prioritize stakeholders: our company has a long list of people and organizations who affected by our companies work. May be some of them having a power to block or advance.and another one is they are interesting in our companies work. 3) Mapping profiles of stakeholders: Pizza Hut can map the profile of stakeholders in four categories: High power, interested people: these people our company must fully engage and make the good efforts to satisfy. High power, less interested people: Limit the work with these people to make them satisfied but not beyond their capacity. Low power, interested people: keep communicate with these people adequately and talk to them to ensure that no major issues are arising. These people are always be helpful and concerns about project work of investing company. Low power, less interested people: keep monitor these people but not exceed communication about certain limits. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_07.htm ( Mind Tools Ltd, 1996-2011) d) Strategy for managing resistance to change is discussed as follows. 1) Open communication :- Pizza hut undergone changes in last five years, company needs more changes to be done in nearest future I would be started with open communication with employees ,workers, and other participants of business .first I would like to tell them why we need the changes? Then which change particularly they need and what are benefits for all peoples relating to it. Open communication always plays crucial role because with this we can exchange the information of both the sides and understand the opinions. so it is very good medium to managing resistance to change. 2) Involvement: I would like to discuss about the role of employees and worker in Change in pizza hut would also change their role and gives more responsibility and will increases the opportunities on achievement, also to give specification on involvement in decision making process that could motivate employees. 3) Feedback:- Getting feedback from the employees,subodianates is always important because it helps to understand their views and opinion about change happened in organization.So it would be a better way to managing resistance in change in organization. Task 4 a) I here chose McKinseys 7S model for implementing change of Pizza Hut: 1) Strategy:- Pizza hut strictly follows norms to attain the quality product for best operational strategy to attain the customer satisfaction namely C.H.A.M.P.S a) Cleaningness: Of all restaurants to give quality foods and serve better to customers. b) Hospitality: Good way of communication, respect and entertain customers. c) Accuracy: Serving food in time with accuracy and maintaining quality of taste. d) Maintenance: Handling of staff, relationship with customer, and servicing of equipments. e) Speed:- delivering food in time 2) Structure:- Consider an individual outlet as a business organization pizza hut design their management structure like support manager who manages the shift of working team member, deputy designed manager handling training of new recruits, deputy manager works for operational departs like profit and target business, restaurant general manager looks for the functioning of all finanve,orders,quality.etc 3) System:- The great thing about pizza hut is ,it is a business of franchises system, Delivery system is a major function of business and almost 20% of orders done by delivery mode.frinchises and head office staff work are closely together to achieve their objects. http://www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food-HYPERLINK http://www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food--catering/HYPERLINK http://www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food--catering/-catering/ 2010 What Franchise Magazine 4) Shared values:- Pizza hut have a special quality of organizational life. Cultures determine much of every transaction happens which is centralize across an organization. While managers are aware of their cultures, they are often unsure about how to influence.emlpoyees and each participants in pizza hut business respects the beliefs and principles of pizza hut. 5) Skills:- Pizza hut is always respecting the skilled employees, something innovative and different ideas are always welcome in pizza hut, new recruiters also get training to ensure and to put up their skills from knowledge to practicle life. 6) Style: Every menu of pizza hut has its unique style; they always try to make something different from other competitors recipe. Unique approach to customers attract with diff.styles adopt by pizza hut. 7)Staff: Pizza hut staff members always like to greet and serve the customers and preparing great food behind the scenes, team members are friendly, outgoing and eager to please. They are passionate and enthusiasms tic, they have ability to handle fast paced working environment. b) How would you implement one or more model(s) in your chosen organization, what improvements do you expect to achieve by implementing your chosen model(s), and how would you measure these? (AC: 4.2, 4.3) 4. b) Change Implementation Plan with Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR): Business process reengineering is a radical thinking of organizational process; this is a very fundamental consideration. BPR analyses and suggests the structural changes to be made for organization. Implementation of BPR in pizza hut explained below: Davenport (1992) prescribes five approaches to BPR model which are follows: 1) Develop business vision and process objectives: A vision of the Pizza hut after the change takes place; the school which provides high quality education with new technology and supports updated curriculum that helps to increase the ratio of university entrance exam success Pizza hut holding a great share in US and European market rest of these they want to dominant in china brands with profitable expansion. They have good plan to be the best at providing branded restaurant choice with multibranding. 2) Identify business process to be resigned Day by day competition being so strong in food servicing industry. There will be a threat of imitation products which will surely be a problem to be dealt with. So in future if other imitated products come in market then pizza hut will have to adjust or to find out variety of product to accommodate change in market. 3) Understand and measure the existing processes If we consider the promotions and marketing of pizza hut they may have to be bigger and better than the competition of nowadays, if think about product development the product may need to be altered to give it that little bit of competitive edge. Forexample stuffing the crust with cheese or giving a free topping with the purchase would help give Pizza Hut an edge over the competition. 4) Identify Information Technology levers. See pizza hut using IT since many years and changes has been made according to requirement. in the IT business context the online ordering system will going to be very competive,so that we need to be adopt more technological appliances and advanced technology in prospective years. 5) Design and build a prototype of the new processes If we basically think about the business process it will need flexibility in operation and product life cycle stages to be a market leader. It will need a great marketing plan which will be suited in new product segment .Promotion and advertising will be using for marketing so it will make target a very profitable. Reference Internet References. 1) (A pizza Hut company, 2010) http://www.pizzahut.co.in/dinein/aboutpizzahut.php 2) (A pizzahut fanchise, 2008) http://www.pizzahutfranchise.co.uk/html/technology.html. 3) (A Associated Content , 2011) http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/237685/[emailprotected]_pg4.html?cat=3 4) (A kelly services incorporation, 2011) http://www.kellyservices.com/eprise/main/web/us/hr_manager/articles_aug08_akdarmodel 5) (Strartgic leadership) http://asso.nordnet.fr/adreg/Hitt%20et%20al%20strategic%20leadership.pdf 6) (A Buzzle.com, 2010,2011) http://www.buzzle.com/articles/team-building-in-the-workplace.html 7) (A Yum corporation , 2009) http://www.yum.com/company/ourbrands.asp 8) ( Mind Tools Ltd, 1996-2011) http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_07.htm 9) (magazine, 2010) http://www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food-HYPERLINK http://www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food--catering/HYPERLINK http://www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food--catering/-catering/

Racism in the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn

Huckleberry Finn is a wonderful book that captures the heart of the reader in its brilliance and innocence. Despite many critics have attacked its racist perspective;the piece merely represents a reality that occurred during antebellum America,the setting of the novel. Twain’s literary devices in capturing the focal of excitement,adventure,and human sympathy is a wonderful novel that should be recognized,not for bigotry, but that it is the candid viewpoint of a boy that grew up in that era.And even then,the protagonist does overcome some social prejudices of slavery because he is concerned with the well-being of his runaway slave friend Jim. That the mockery of the slave race in the end allowed by Huck is more about fulfilling the awes of Huck towards Tom. The novel is a success because it does not fail to capture the one singular point of growing up for Huck:boyhood. Mark Twain definitely characterizes the protagonist,the intelligent and sympathetic Huckleberry Finn,by the di rect candid manner of writing as though through the actual voice of Huck.Every word,thought, and speech by Huck is so precise it reflects even the racism and black stereotypes typical of the era. And this has lead to many conflicting battles by various readers since the first print of the novel,though inspiring some. Says John H. Wallace,outraged by Twain’s constant use of the degrading and white supremacist word‘nigger’,†[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is]the most grotesque example of racist trash ever written†(Mark Twain Journal by Thadious Davis,Fall 1984 and Spring 1985).Yet,again to counter that is a quote by the great American writer Ernest Hemingway,†All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn†¦it’s the best book we’ve had†¦There has been nothing as good since†(The Green Hills of Africa [Scribner’s. 1953]22). The controversy behind the novel has been and will always remain the crux of any readers is still truly racism. Twain surely does use the word‘nigger’often,both as a referral to the slave Jim and any African-American that Huck comes across and as the epitome of insult and inferiority.However,the reader must also not fail to recognize that this style of racism,this malicious treatment of African- Americans,this degrading attitude towards them is all stylized of the pre- Civil War tradition. Racism is only mentioned in the novel as an object of natural course and a precision to the actual views of the setting then. Huckleberry Finn still stands as a powerful portrayal of experience through the newfound eyes of an innocent boy. Huck only says and treats the African-American culture accordingly with the society that he was raised in. To say anything different would truly be out of place and setting of the era.Twain’s literary style in capturing the novel,Huck’s casual attitude and candid position,and Jim ’s undoubted acceptance of the oppression by the names all signifies this. The thesis has three chapters. Chapter one is introduction of the whole work. Chapter two give some information about the criticism literature. Chapter three give a deep look at the research about the racial problems in the book Huck Finn. Chapter four is the conclusion part. 1 Literature Review Literary criticism is an attempt to evaluate and understand the creative writing,the literature of an author.Literature includes plays, essays,novels,poetry,and short stories. Literary criticism is a description,analysis,evaluation,or interpretation of a particular literary work or an author's writings as a whole. Literary criticism is usually expressed in the form of a critical essay. In-depth book reviews are also sometimes viewed as literary criticism. Controversial in death as he was in life,Mark Twain has been seriously accused by some of being a†racist writer,†whose writing is offensive to bla ck readers,perpetuates cheap slave-era stereotypes,and deserves no place on today's bookshelves.To those of us who have drunk gratefully of Twain's wisdom and humanity,such accusations are ludicrous. But for some people they clearly touch a raw nerve,and for that reason they deserve a serious answer. Let's look at the book that is most commonly singled out for this criticism,the novel that Ernest Hemingway identified as the source of all American literature:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For Twain's critics,the novel is racist on the face of it,and for the most obvious reason:many characters use the word†nigger†throughout.But since the action of the book takes place in the south twenty years before the Civil War,it would be amazing if they didn't use that word. A closer reading also reveals Twain's serious satiric intent. In one scene,for instance,Aunt Sally hears of a steamboat explosion. â€Å"Good gracious! anybody hurt? â€Å"she asks. â€Å"No'm,†comes the answer. â€Å"Killed a nigger. † But anyone who imagines that Mark Twain meant this literally is 580 SCIENCE;TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION2010 5? missing the point.Rather,Twain is using this casual dialogue ironically, as a way to underscore the chilling truth about the old south,that it was a society where perfectly†nice†people didn't consider the death of a black person worth their notice. To drive the point home,Twain has the lady continue: â€Å"Well,it's lucky,because sometimes people do get hurt. † That's a small case in point. But what is the book really about? It's about nothing less than freedom and the quest for freedom. It's about a slave who breaks the law and risks his life to win his freedom and be reunited with his family,and a white boy who becomes his friend and helps him escape.Because of his upbringing,the boy starts out believing that slavery is part of the natural order;but as the story unfolds he wrestles with his conscience,and when the crucial moment comes he decides he will be damned to the flames of hell rather than betray his black friend. And Jim,as Twain presents him,is hardly a caricature. Rather,he is the moral center of the book,a man of courage and nobility,who risks his freedom–risks his life–for the sake of his friend Huck. Note,too,that it is not just white critics who make this point. Booker T. Washington noted how Twain†succeeded in making his eaders feel a genuine respect for'Jim,'†and pointed out that Twain,in creating Jim's character,had†exhibited his sympathy and interest in the masses of the negro people. † The great black novelist Ralph Ellison,too,noted how Twain allows Jim's†dignity and human capacity†to emerge in the novel. â€Å"Huckleberry Finn knew,as did Mark Twain[Ellison wrote],that Jim was not only a slave but a human being[and]a symbol of humanity†¦ and in freeing Jim,Huck makes a bid to free himself of the conventionalized evi l taken for civilization by the town†Ã¢â‚¬â€œin other words,of the abomination of slavery itself.In fact,you can search through all of Twain's writings,not just the thirty-plus volumes of novels,stories,essays,and letters,but also his private correspondence,his posthumous autobiography and his intimate journals,and you'll be hard put to find a derogatory remark about the black race–and this at a time when crude racial stereotypes were the basic coin of popular fiction,stage comedy,and popular songs. What you find in Twain is the opposite:a lively affection and admiration for black Americans that began when he was still a boy and grew steadily through the years.In a widely praised post-Civil War sketch titled†A True Story,†for example,he wrenchingly evoked the pain of an ex-slave as she recalls being separated from her young son on the auction block, and her joy at discovering him in a black regiment at war's end. And on those occasions when Twain does ventur e to compare blacks and whites,the comparison is not conspicuously flattering to the whites. Things like: ?†One of my theories is that the hearts of men are about alike,all over the world,whatever their skin-complexions may be. † ?†Nearly all black and brown skins are beautiful,but a beautiful white skin is rare. ?†There are many humorous things in the world;among them is the white man's notion that he is less savage than all the other savages. † 2 Methods/Research Design The null hypothesis for this research is that half of the university students study literature will think that there are racial discrimination in the book Huck Finn and others won’t. 1000 students in their third and forth years of university will be the subject. They must never see the book or the movie of Huck Finn. They come from both big cities and rural area. They are divided into four groups.The first two groups(each has 250 students)include the students from big cities,par t of them students from rural areas. First,all of them will hear the story of Huck Finn. Then they wi answer relevant questions about the images of Huck Finn in th questionnaires and during the interviews. The questions are about th using method of language,the plot design and the thinking of Huck,et Finally,the movie of Huck Finn will be shown. Students will describe th image of Huck and their views about racial problems in this book According to their answers,different answers will be divided into differen groups.After these works,comes the analyses of the statistics and dat After comparing the answers of the four groups,gives the conclusio whether literary students from big cities and from rural areas have th same opinion of the racial discrimination in this book. As expected,half o them will have the same opinion and half of them won’t. 3 Anticipated Results 3. 1 Time-Table My studies will last more than two years. I decide to spend about 5 hours per month on my studies. I plan to spend the first six month developing my proposal and methodology and completing the literatur review.During this period,I will also attend some relevant courses abou reader’s response theory. Then I will spend about six months i questionnaires and interviews. After that,I plan to spend eight months i analyzing the statistics and data. Finally,four month will be used mainl on the thesis. February 2008–Aug. 2008 *Develop proposal and methodology and complete the literatur review *Attend some relevant courses about reader’s response theory Aug. 2008–Feb. 2009 *Design the questionnaires Collection of official and unofficia statistic Feb. 2009-October 2009 INTERVIEWS October 2009–Feb. 2008 *Analysis the statistics and data *Mainly work on the thesis 3. 2 Anticipated result University students from different countries will have differen opinion on the same thing. As expected,half of them will have the sam opinion and half of them won’t. However,if the result doesn’t suppo my anticipated result,I will try to find the weakness of my researc design,and improve it. Then do the research again and again. If I als can not get the anticipated result,I will accept the result with a scientifi attitude.http://42explore. com/litcrit. htm

Economic Effects of Immigration in the Philippines

Ten Economic Facts about Immigration INTRODUCTION The Hamilton Project believes it is important to ground the current immigration debate in an objective economic framework based on the best available evidence. In this policy memo, we explore some of the questions frequently raised around immigration in the United States and provide facts drawn from publicly available data sets and the academic literature. Most Americans agree that the current U. S. immigration system is flawed.Less clear, however, are the economic facts about immigration—the real effects that new immigrants have on wages, jobs, budgets, and the U. S. economy—facts that are essential to a constructive national debate. These facts paint a more nuanced portrait of American immigration than is portrayed in today’s debate. Recent immigrants hail from many more countries than prior immigrants; they carry with them a wide range of skills from new PhDs graduating from American universities to laborers wi thout a high school degree.Most recent immigrants have entered the United States legally, but around 11 million unauthorized immigrants currently live and work in America; the majority of these unauthorized workers settled here more than a decade ago. Each of these immigrant groups affects the U. S. economy in varied ways that should be considered in the current debate around immigration reform. Immigrants now comprise more than 12 percent of the American population, according to recent estimates, approaching levels not seen since the early 20th century.Today’s controversies over immigration echo arguments made a century ago during the last immigration peak. While the demographics of U. S. immigrants have shifted dramatically, the concerns voiced about the social and economic impacts of immigration strike a familiar chord. A major economic concern is how immigrants influence the wages and employment prospects of U. S. workers. The economic impacts of immigration vary tremendo usly, depending on whether immigrants are unskilled agricultural laborers, for example, or highly skilled PhD computer scientists.Although their consequences are often conflated, it is constructive to examine the impacts of low-skilled and high-skilled immigrants independently. Another point of controversy in today’s debate involves the impact of unauthorized immigrants on our economic wellbeing. The best estimates suggest that 28 percent of the total foreign-born population could be unauthorized. According to the Pew Hispanic Center, roughly 60 percent of these unauthorized immigrants are from Mexico. (However, unauthorized immigrants make up only about 21 percent of U. S. residents of Mexican heritage. When possible, we try to differentiate the figures to more closely understand the different effects—positive or negative—that unauthorized workers may have on the economy. Of course, there are many factors at play and the economic evidence is only one piece of t he puzzle. These facts are designed to provide a common ground that all participants in the policy debate can agree on. In the months and years ahead, The Hamilton Project will return to the issue of immigration as we offer policy recommendations on the economic issues facing the United States.

Descriptive Essay - Never Forgotten - 1126 Words

Never forgotten The sky was beautifully clear and blue, the sun was shining with its rays beaming down on everyone, soaking up the environment. The sand rolls into the bluish warm ocean water, creating the calming and peaceful atmosphere that this beach is known for. Standing on that beach at the beginning of summer reminds me that my vacation has officially begun. I could not ask for anything more. I used to go to Virginia Beach in Chesapeake, Virginia at the end of every June. During the day I swam; I felt the warmth of the summer breeze surround me, and I just would lay in the ocean, letting its depth take me over as I relaxed my body like nothing else mattered. The water reaches eighty, especially in June. Swimming in the ocean is more satisfying than taking a bath. There is something about the ocean, or maybe just this ocean, that relaxed my body; it allowed me to feel completely comfortable and without stress. So many summertime memories rush to my mind while recalling this bea ch; there were those long days spent at the beach, with packed lunches, coats of sunscreen, and kids building sand castles. The days, however beautiful they may be, turned to an absolute disaster. I used to go to the beach right before sunset, and watch the sky as I walk with my friends. We used talk and laugh along the waves, which was never boring but it was time consuming. Reaching the nearby harbor, my friend Aiman suggested that we rent a boat into the ocean. None of us were sure that itShow MoreRelatedWhy I Write By George Orwell912 Words   |  4 Pages In George Orwell’s â€Å"Why I Write†, he explains the different motives rhetors have when writing books, essays, poems, etc. He explains where he falls on the spectrum of reasons for writing and how his motives have changed and transformed over the course of his lifetime. 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